GIANTFab - Instrumentation
For updates on instrument availability, new capabilities, and technical support, join the GIANTFab Slack workspace using your @northwestern.edu or @u.northwestern.edu email address.
The GIANTFab core facility provides a set of equipment for fabricating and testing thin-film optical, optoelectronic, and electronic devices inside of series of linked nitrogen-atmosphere gloveboxes. Long-term storage in the glovebox is also available.
A table of rates is shown at the end of this page.
The fabrication equipment includes:
- Sonicator
- UV/Ozone cleaner
- Benchtop spincoater (NiLo Scientific)
- Two inert-atmosphere spincoaters (Specialty Coating Systems)
- Vacuum oven (LCTech)
- Precision hotplate (Wenesco)
- Metal evaporator (LCtech)
- Organic evaporator (LCTech)
- Metal/Organic evaporator (Lesker PVD75)
The testing equipment includes:
- Keithley 2400 with various probe stations
- Custom sample holders for various electrode configurations
- Light-tight inert atmosphere sample box
- Solar simulator
- Monochromatic light source with chopper and lock-in amplifier
- J-V testing
- EQE testing
- Conductance testing and other electrical tests
- LED Testing
- UV/Vis spectroscopy
- Raman spectroscopy
- Electrochemistry
- Spectroelectrochemistry
The spin-coaters and vacuum depositors are suitable for a range of uses. The testing equipment is can be used for any measurement the Keithley 2400 can perform, including J-V curves, conductance measurements, and power measurements for EQE testing. Existing software is optimized for organic, perovskite, and hybrid organic-perovskite solar cells.
All instrumentation and services are available to researchers at Northwestern and other universities as well as industrial researchers. If you have any questions or comments about the core's capabilities, are interested in using the lab's equipment, or would like more details about rates, please contact the GIANTFab Operations Director Jeff Mirza.
Access to the core facility is limited to users who have been trained on the equipment. To request training or to reserve the equipment, please visit our NUcore page.
All the services below are contained within a set of nitrogen-filled gloveboxes that maintain an atmosphere of <1 ppm O2 and H2O. The spincoaters are housed within one glovebox, the evaporators in a second, and the testing equipment in a third. Each glovebox is accessible from the outside through an antechamber, and materials can also be transferred between boxes without removing them from the nitrogen atmosphere. Access to the systems and billing for usage is managed through NUcore.
For users interested in performing Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) on devices fabricated in GIANTFab, we have partnered with REACT, the Reactor Engineering and Catalyst Core Testing Facility, to offer inert-atmosphere transfer in and out of their ALD apparatus. For more information, please contact both the GIANTFab and REACT staff.
Substrate Preparation
Branson M1800H Ultrasonic Cleaner
For cleaning of substrates, we have a heated ultrasonic cleaning bath with plastic beakers that hold our substrate boats. The sonicator is free to use.UV/Ozone Cleaner
Spin Coaters
NiLo Scientific Spincoater 5
NILO SPINCOATER: MANUAL
This spincoater is located on the benchtop. It can be used for deposition of soluble thin films that are not air-sensitive, such as PEDOT:PSS layers for thin-film photovoltaics. It can accommodate substrates up to 5 inches in diameter.
Aqueous solutions can be spincoated on the benchtop in the GIANTFab laboratory. For solutions containing volatile or hazardous solvents, the spincoater can also be rented on a daily basis for use in your own lab fume hood.
Specialty Coating Systems G3P8 Spincoater
SPINCOATER: STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
The spincoater glovebox has two Specialty Coating Systems G3P8 spincoaters integrated into it. Each spincoater is contained in a well flush to the floor of the glovebox. Users provide their own substrates and active layer solutions and are charged by the minute with a minimum reservation of half an hour. The spincoaters are equipped with a 3/8 inch diameter chuck. Users are welcome to purchase and use a different size chuck by arrangement with GIANTFab staff.
Common solvents used for preparation of active layer solutions are available for purchase, and users may store their purchased solvents in the box.
The spincoater box has a UV/ozone substrate cleaner for substrate preparation and a balance and hot plate stirrer for active layer solution preparation. These can be used when the spincoater is reserved at no additional charge.
For annealing of substrates after spincoating, the box also contains a Wenesco HP66U hotplate and
LCTech vacuum oven. Each of these can be reserved separately for thermal or solvent vapor annealing.
Vacuum Deposition Systems
VACUUM DEPOSITION: STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
The evaporator glovebox has two separate vacuum evaporators that can be used independently. Each evaporator consists of a cube-shaped stainless steel chamber approximately 20 inches (500 mm) on a side, with a sliding front door with a view port and a swing-out rear door. The chamber is evacuated using a turbomolecular pump backed by a dry scroll pump to achieve a base pressure of 1 × 10–6 mbar.
Substrate holders are available for common sizes of substrate. Masks for patterned deposition are available in several pre-made configurations, and GIANTFab staff can assist in the design and fabrication of custom deposition masks.
In addition, we have an adjustable substrate holder for large or odd-sized substrates.
Consult with GIANTFab staff for details.
Each vacuum depositor has a quartz crystal deposition thickness monitor. Deposition can be controlled manually or automatically using an Inficon deposition controller.
Metal Vacuum Deposition System (LC Technology DS-110 Vacuum Deposition System)
The metal evaporator has four thermal sources with 2 KW power supplies. Each source can be individually controlled and is equipped with a pneumatically controlled shutter. The stage can be cooled to –10 °C, and is protected by a pneumatically controlled source shutter.
GIANTFab has a standard mask that produces six 6.0 mm2 devices and is compatible with the custom cell holder in our testing system. Users are also welcome to supply their own masks. ITO-on-glass substrates for this mask are available for purchase.
It is charged by the minute with a minimum reservation of one hour. This depositor is suitable for metals such as silver, aluminum, and gold as well as inorganic compounds such as molybdenum oxide and lithium fluoride.
Common metals and tungsten evaporation boats are available for purchase by users, and users can store their purchased metals and boats in the box.
Organic Vacuum Deposition System (LC Technology DS-110 Vacuum Deposition System)
Organic Vacuum Deposition System (LC Technology DS-110 Vacuum Deposition System)
The organic evaporator has four organic sources, two with 10 mL capacity (Kurt J Lesker LTE 10) and two with 1 mL capacity (Kurt J Lesker LTE 1). All have a temperature range of 50–600 °C. Each source can be individually controlled and is equipped with a pneumatically controlled shutter. The stage can be heated up to 200 °C, and is protected by a pneumatically controlled source shutter. It is charged by the minute with a minimum reservation of one hour. Ceramic crucibles for the organic evaporator are available for purchase, and users may store their purchased crucibles in the box.
This depositor is suitable for deposition of organic and organometallic materials such as C60, organic dye molecules, other organic layers, and metalorganic compounds like phthalocyanines and porphyrins.
Metal/Organic Evaporator (Lesker PVD75)
The Lesker PVD75 is a thermal evaporator that features two Lesker HTE tungsten boat sources (one is usable at a time) and one Lesker LTE crucible source. The system also features a rotating 10-inch platen and a gradient shutter system. The system is pumped by a turbomolecular pump backed by an oil pump, and can pump down in less than ten minutes. Base pressure can be as low as 5 x 10-7 mbar.
This system is suitable for deposition of metals, metal salts, and organic materials of all kinds.
Electronic Testing
Keithley 2400 Source Measurement Unit with probe station and sample holders
The testing glovebox is equipped with a Keithley 2400 Source Measurement Unit (SMU). Using the four banana jack passthroughs, the SMU can be connected to an adjustable four-point probe station, or to a number of different substrate holders that match the various electrode and device masks available on the depositors.
In addition to the banana jacks, the glovebox also has six BNC passthroughs and a USB passthrough, to allow additional testing equipment to be installed inside the glovebox. Please consult with the facility staff to discuss how we can accommodate your testing requirements.
The testing station is also interfaced with a PV testing system, as described below:
Sciencetech PTS-2 Quantum Efficiency/IPCE Measurement System
The Sciencetech PTS-2 is an integrated system for performing J-V and EQE testing on solar cells. Light is provided through fibers from the class AAA solar simulator and monochromated light sources. Front or rear illumination is possible, and custom substrate holders can be easily connected in addition to the standard four-point probe setups. It is charged by the minute.
The solar simulator can be attenuated using a set of integrated filters to test photocurrent response under varying levels of illumination.
Below: The sample stage can be illuminated with an AM1.5 solar simulator or a monochromatic light spot.
Below: Current–voltage (IV or JV) testing automatically determines open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Isc), maximum power, fill factor, optimal voltage, optimal current, optimal load, series and shunt resistance, and overall cell efficiency.
Below: External quantum efficiency (EQE) and spectral response (SR) measurement automatically determines wavelength of maximum efficiency
Other electronic tests
The testing system has hardware and software to perform additional electronic tests including:
- Conductance testing
- Photovoltaic stability tracking
- Photovoltaic maximum power point tracking
LED Testing
The testing station is equipped with a StellarNet SilverNova spectrometer (190-1100 total range, 350-1000 nm calibrated range). The spectrometer can be connected to an integrating sphere for quantitative testing of LED devices or to a cosine receptor for testing uniformity over a large area or multiple pixels. We can accommodate commercially packaged LEDs as well as thin-film LEDs fabricated in GIANTFab or elsewhere.
LED tests we can perform include:
- Output spectrum (W/nm), total flux, and total luminance
- Color Rendering Index (CRI)
- CIE Color Measurement
- Current-Voltage-Luminance (IVL) curves
- Voltage-scan or current-scan modes
- Current density
- Absolute and areal efficiency
- LED lifetime
Below: LEDs can be tested for their current-voltage-luminance characteristics
We would love to work with you to program additional tests! Please contact us and let us know what you're trying to do.
Spectroscopy/Electrochemistry/Spectroelectrochemistry
Housed inside the nitrogen-atmosphere glovebox, the Spectroscopy/Electrochemistry Station features a Pine Research WaveNow potentiostat, a BWSpec diode array spectrometer, and a StellarNet handheld Raman spectrometer. Electrodes are provided for standard electrochemical experiments, and the system also has set of Pine Research honeycomb electrodes for spectroelectrochemistry. There is also a reflectance probe that can be used. The following experiments are set up as standard, but feel free to contact us if you have other experimental techniques that you would like to try!
- Electrochemistry
- UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy (solutions and thin films)
- Spectroelectrochemistry
- Raman spectroscopy (thin films)
- Reflectance spectroscopy
Storage in glovebox
Each glovebox contains a number of plastic bins for medium-to-long term storage of materials in an inert environment. Users may rent storage space on a monthly basis to make use of these bins. Materials found inside the glovebox not stored in bins will be discarded.
Rates and Access Hours
Hourly instrument rates for FY2023 are as follows. Note that the current members of the Chicago Biomedical Consortium, whose students and staff are entitled to the internal academic rate, are Northwestern, University of Chicago, and University of Illinois at Chicago. All other academic users pay the external academic rate.
GIANTFab is open to all users at all times.
For initial training, users pay only for instrument time used. Additional user assistance or retraining is charged at the staff time rate.
| Internal academic | External academic | External commercial | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spincoaters | $50 | $80 | $125 |
| Benchtop Spincoater | $18 | $28.80 | $45 |
| Spincoater Rental | $10 | $16 | $25 |
| LCTech Evaporators (in glovebox) | $50 | $80 | $125 |
| Lesker PVD75 Evaporator | $20 | $32 | $50 |
| Annealing equipment | $8 | $12.80 | $20 |
| Testing | $50 | $80 | $125 |
| Spectroscopy/Electrochemistry | $50 | $80 | $125 |
| Vacuum Oven | $8 | $12.80 | $20 |
| Hot Plate | $8 | $12.80 | $20 |
| Storage | $14/bin/month | $22.40/bin/month | $35/bin/month |
| Consultation/ Staff Time | $125 | $200 | $312.50 |